Think (Int'l Ed)

Chapter 1: Critical Thinking: Why It's Important What is Critical Thinking? Critical Thinking in Everyday Life
Cognitive Development in College Students
Characteristics of a Good Critical Thinker Analytical Skills
Effective Communication
Research and Inquiry Skills
Flexibility and Tolerance for Ambiguity
Open-minded Skepticism
Creative Problem Solving
Attention, Mindfulness, and Curiosity
Collaborative Learning
Critical Thinking and Self-Development Living the Self-Examined Life
Developing a Rational Life Plan
Facing Challenges
The Importance of Self-Esteem
Critical Thinking in a Democracy
Barriers to Critical Thinking The Three-Tier Model of Thinking
Resistance
Types of Resistance
Narrow-mindedness
Rationalization and Doublethink
Cognitive and Social Dissonance
Stress as a Barrier
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Affirmative Action in College Admissions Chapter 2: Reason and Emotion What is Reason? Traditional Views of Reason
Gender, Age, and Reason
Dreams and Problem Solving
The Role of Emotion in Critical Thinking Cultural Attitudes Toward Emotion
Emotional Intelligence and the Positive Effects of Emotion
Negative Effects of Emotion
Integrating Emotion and Reason
Artificial Intelligence, Reason, and Emotion The Field of Artificial Intelligence
Can Computers Think?
Can Computers Feel Emotion?
Faith and Reason Fideism: Faith Transcends Reason
Rationalism: Religious Beliefs and Reason
Critical Rationalism: Faith and Reason are Compatible
Religion, Spirituality and Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on on Reason and Proofs for the Existence of God Chapter 3: Language and Communication What is Language? Functions of Language
Nonverbal Language
Definitions Denotative and Connotative Meanings
Stipulative Definitions
Lexical Definitions
Precising Definitions
Persuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions Five Criteria
Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles Individual Styles of Communication
Sex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication Styles
The Use of Language to Manipulate Emotive Language
Rhetorical Devices
Deception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College Campuses Chapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking Human Knowledge and Its Limitations Rationalism and Empiricism
The Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence Direct Experience and False Memories
The Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal Evidence
Experts and Credibility
Evaluating Evidence for a Claim
Research Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking Perceptual Errors
Misperception of Random Data
Memorable Events Error
Probability Error
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases "One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments What is an Issue? Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments What is an Inductive Argument? The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments What is a Deductive Argument? Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making What is Moral Reasoning? Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment br The Development of Moral Reasoning Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising Marketing in a Consumer Culture Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children Chapter 11: Mass Media Mass Media in the United States The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students Chapter 12: Science What is Science? The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method 1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design Chapter 13: Law and Politics The Social Contract Theory of Government The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare

Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index