CREATE COLLECTION ONLY Annual Editions: World History, Volume 2: 1500 to the Present

Annual Editions: World History, Volume 2, 13/14

Preface

Correlation Guide

Topic Guide

UNIT: The World and the West, 1500–1900

Unit Overview

Aztecs: A New Perspective, John M. D. Pohl, History Today, December 2002 Who were the Aztecs? What were their accomplishments? What caused their downfall? For centuries, the answers to these questions were shrouded in mystery and misinterpretation. John M.D. Pohl offers a fresh interpretation of the Aztecs and their civilization, by writing from the perspective of our twenty-first century world. The Mughal Dynasties, Francis Robinson, History Today, June 2007 Although originally viewed as Islamic conquerors, the Mughals established dynasties that practiced an inclusive tolerance and encouraged artistic endeavors. The Taj Mahal in Agra has become their most lasting legacy. The Peopling of Canada, Phillip Buckner, History Today, November 1993 Canada was the creation of two imperial powers—France and England—during two distinct time periods. At first a French colony and later a British one, Canada experienced dramatically different immigration patterns. During the earlier French phase, emigration to Canada was painfully slow. However, during the later British phase, the emigration rate rose dramatically, creating a cultural dichotomy that still affects Canada today. The Ottomans in Europe, Geoffrey Woodward, History Today, March 2001 In its contacts with the non-Western world, Europe usually gained the upper hand. However, one non-Western power was able to fight Western Europe to a standstill and sometimes threatened its very existence. For a few centuries, the Ottoman Turks were a problem that Europe couldn't ignore. How American Slavery Led to the Birth of Liberia, Sean Price, The New York Times Upfront, September 22, 2003 Liberia was founded by African-Americans who emigrated from the United States in the 1820s. Their descendents dominated the politics of the region until a bloody coup by native Africans ended their rule. Fighting the Afghans in the 19th Century, Bruce Collins, History Today, December 2001 British involvement in 19th century Afghanistan produced troubles and eventually a brokered peace. The problems the British faced are similar to those facing the United States today. New Light on the `Heart of Darkness', Angus Mitchell, History Today, December 1999 In 1899, Joseph Conrad's novel attacked British imperialism in Africa and the Social Darwinist principles that were its foundation. It also spawned a strong humanitarian movement to end wide-spread abuses against Africa's people. UNIT: The Ferment of the West, 1500–1900

Unit Overview

The World, the Flesh and the Devil, Robert W. Thurston, History Today, November 2006 The image of women as witches was a staple of European life for centuries. It took modern rationalism to finally put witch hunts to an end, but this did not occur before many had suffered at the hands of religious and political leaders. The Luther Legacy, Derek Wilson, History Today, May 2007 Martin Luther was a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation. He left a legacy that still touches human lives at every level—individual, family, church, and state. Will the Real Henry VIII Please Stand Up?, Eric Ives, History Today, February 2006 Caricatured in popular culture, Henry was regarded by many of his subjects as a great king. Architect of the Protestant Reformation in Great Britain, Henry created an independent English church. Structures such as Hampton Court, Whitehall, and St. James attest to his appreciation of opulent beauty. Parliament readily voted funds for the war Henry waged against France. The Return of Catherine the Great, Tony Lentin, History Today, December 1996 Catherine the Great of Russia (1762–1796) was one of a group of national leaders known as enlightened despots, rulers who governed with an iron fist, but tried in varying degrees to initiate reforms to help their people. A fascinating character, she ultimately failed to bring Enlightenment values to Russia. From Mercantilism to the `Wealth of Nations', Michael Marshall, The World & I, May 1999 Jean-Baptiste Colbert developed mercantilist economic ideas under Louis XIV in an attempt to create a favorable balance of trade for France. His ideas clashed with the later free trade thoughts of Adam Smith of Scotland. The controversy continues today because nations still worry about unfavorable trade flows. A Woman Writ Large in Our History and Hearts, Robert Wernick, Smithsonian, December 1996 She wrote novels, smoked cigars, wore men's clothing, had a string of love affairs, and adopted a man's name. Living in France, George Sand set an example of freedom for women to pursue a profession as well as to care for a household. A Disquieting Sense of Déjà Vu, Howard G. Brown, The Chronicle of Higher Education, August 4, 2006 During the French Revolution, the nation's attempt to establish a democracy was threatened by a propensity toward violence in order to guarantee its success. Present day democracies, including ours, now threatened by world terrorism, should be careful not to repeat the French use of violence to guarantee democratic government. The Paris Commune, Robert Tombs, History Review, September, 1999 In 1871, citizens of Paris revolted against their own government. The Paris Commune, as It was called, was eventually defeated by government forces, with dire consequences, Including imprisonment and even quasi-legal executions. To many, it may have seemed that The French Revolution was repeating itself. UNIT: The Industrial and Scientific Revolutions

Unit Overview

In God's Place, Alan Lightman, The New York Times Magazine, September 19, 1999 With his great book Principia, Isaac Newton not only explained fundamental scientific ideas about force, inertia, and gravity, but he also destroyed Aristotle's division between earthly and heavenly knowledge. There was in Newton's thought the implicit assumption that the physical universe could be known. This idea was an advance in the development of human self-awareness. John Locke: Icon of Liberty, Mark Goldie, History Today, October 2004 Political liberals and conservatives have extolled the virtues of John Locke's political ideals. Throughout history, his work has been used and abused by almost any group that has an axe to grind. In the 20th century, his work has become as popular as ever, as more nations embrace the liberty and freedom inherent in his words. The Workshop of a New Society, The Economist, December 31, 1999 The industrial revolution began in Great Britain. There were various contributing factors such as iron technology, availability of coal, rural industries, growing demand, political stability, and geographic isolation. At first, there were problems and concerns regarding urbanization and worker safety, but by 1900, the British citizen was better fed, housed, clothed, politically represented, and entertained than ever before in history. Slavery and the British, James Walvin, History Today, March 2002 The Trans-Atlantic slave trade grew to be dominated by British entrepreneurs, who used it to increase their status, power, and wealth. Not a comfortable legacy for a nation that prides itself on its democratic institutions. Samurai, Shoguns and the Age of Steam, Ron Clough, History Today, November 1999 The Industrial Revolution made its way to 19th century Japan, where the new Meiji government was in the process of making Japan a world power. To build their rail system, they imported help from England, and completed this prodigious task which revolutionized and modernized the country. No Marx without Engels, Tristram Hunt, History Today, April 2009 There can be no doubt that Karl Marx is credited with the creation of communism, and his partner Friedrich Engels has been consigned to the role of wealthy benefactor. However, an examination of the circumstances actually shows that, without the latter's Financial and moral support, Marx's work might never have seen the light of day. Clear as Glass: When the Scientific Revolution Began in the 1600s, the Lathe Reshaped our View of the Universe, Robert O. Woods, Mechanical Engineering, October 2006 The telescope Galileo used to declare the Earth a satellite of the Sun was made with a few grams of glass and turned on a lathe. The machine shop brought philosophy into contact with the material world, and nothing has ever been the same. UNIT: The Twentieth Century to 1950

Unit Overview

From Boer War to Timor: Warfare in the Twentieth Century, Keith Suter, Contemporary Review, December 1999 Warfare was a regular part of the century's landscape, with small-scale guerrilla conflicts and massive world wars providing the parameters. If motives for war continue to tempt, an assessment of the 21st century might produce similar results. Two Cheers for Versailles, Mark Mazower, History Today, July 1999 The claim that the treaty that ended World War I was responsible for World War Il has been a common historical refrain. Perhaps too much criticism has been given to the Treaty of Versailles. It doesn't rate a resounding approval; perhaps a quiet two cheers. Gandhi: A Man Out of Time?, Jad Adams, History Today, April 2010 Many of Mohandas K. Gandhi's principles have become mainstream. Satyagraha or "soul force" inspired the U.S. Civil Rights Movement. His most enduring legacy is that personal conscience has as much validity as a state decision. The Roots of Chinese Xenophobia, Dennis Van Vranken Hickey, The World & I, July 2002 National humiliations caused by Western imperialist actions have made China xenophobic and paranoid regarding relations with Western nations. It still affects Chinese reactions to the West today. Exposing the Rape of Nanking, Iris Chang, The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War 2, 1997 After taking over Shanghai in 1937, Japanese forces moved against Nanking, where widespread atrocities occurred—260,000 to 350,000 Chinese murdered, 20,000 to 80,000 Chinese women raped and tortured. The death toll was greater than that of the atomic bombs at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, but it has remained an obscure event because of cultural and political reasons. Beyond Belief: Berliners and the Holocaust, Roger Moorhouse, History Today, July 2012 Stories and photos from soldiers, letters to Berlin from former neighbors, and the auctioning of Jewish property all provided evidence of the Holocaust. However, a profound belief in the cultured nature of German society created an imagination gap that prevented many Berliners from believing the evidence. Starting the Cold War, Geoffrey Roberts, History Review, December 2009 The Cold War is now a thing of the past, but historians still express an interest in the role it has played in our history. Why it began, who was responsible for it, and the effects it produced, will be questions pondered well into the current century. A Case of Courage, Michael Beschloss, Newsweek, May 14, 2007 In the aftermath of World War II and the Holocaust, Jews in the Middle East were ready to declare the creation of the new nation of Israel. Support from the United States was crucial to its success, and after a heated debate within the administration, President Harry S. Truman made it possible. UNIT: The Era of the Cold War, 1950–1990

Unit Overview

The Plan and the Man, Evan Thomas, Newsweek, June 2, 1997 In 1947, George C. Marshall, the American secretary of state, announced the "Marshall Plan" in a speech at Harvard. The plan provided $13.3 billion in aid to the ravaged countries of Europe in order to help them recover from World War II and to hold off the spread of communism. The British foreign minister called it a "lifeline to a sinking man." Korea: Echoes of a War, Steven Butler, U.S. News & World Report, June 19, 2000 The Korean War was an intervention under the United Nation's flag, but was also the first taste of defeat and limited war for the United States. After millions of people were killed, including 36,500 Americans, the war settled nothing, and Korea remained divided along the same line established at the end of World War II. Mao Zedong: Liberator or Oppressor of China?, Michael Lynch, History Review, September 2002 Though considered one of China's most beloved figures during his lifetime, Mao Zedong's image as well as his ultimate place in Chinese history has been tarnished by later assessments of his rule. The jury is still out regarding his influence on China and the world. Iraq's Unruly Century, Jonathan Kandell, Smithsonian, May 2003 From British protectorate to Saddam Hussein's dictatorship, Iraq, the land that was once an ancient cradle of civilization, has had few bright moments. Dominated by Britain for more than fifty years, it was governed by a constitutional monarchy that was eventually overthrown by a military coup d'etat. This brought about a diabolical one-man rule, which ended with the recent United States-sponsored war. What will the future bring to Iraq's second century? Remembering the War–Japanese Style, Kiichi Fujiwara, Far Eastern Economic Review, December 2005 Japan has not yet come to terms with the large-scale war crimes committed by its armed forces during World War II. Protests from China and South Korea, as well as those from other Asian nations, threaten Japan's relationships with its neighbors. But, a series of conservative/nationalist governments in Japan has failed to solve this serious problem. Coming to Terms with the Past: Former Yugoslavia, Dejan Djokic, History Today, June 2004 Formerly referred to as Europe's powder keg, the Balkans were united after World War II with the creation of Yugoslavia. In the 1990s, ethnic rivalries led to wars, which eventually destroyed Yugoslavia. War Crime trials emanating from these wars offer some hope than an area plagued by sectarianism can finally come to terms with its past. Coming to Terms with the Past: Cambodia, Ben Kierman, History Today, September 2004 Few countries suffered more in the 20th century than Cambodia. The worst tragedy was a genocidal war, waged on its people by the Khmer Rouge. If the country is to move on in this century, it is necessary to provide closure from this horrific past. UNIT: Global Problems, Global Interdependence

Unit Overview

North Korea's Full Moon Tower, Hyung-eun Kim, Archaeology, May/June 2011 North and South Korean archaeologists are collaborating on a joint excavation aimed at uncovering their shared history. The 10th century Goryeo Dynasty palace complex was built using geomancy—divination that relies on figures, lines, or geographic features. Will this joint venture open other lines of communication? 10 Million Orphans, Tom Masland and Rod Nordland, Newsweek, January 17, 2000 In sub-Saharan Africa, about 6,000 people die every day from AIDS. This has resulted in an orphan crisis unmatched in size and scope in all the history of the world. Orphan children with AIDS are often abandoned and others are subject to malnutrition and exploitation. In God's Name: Genocide and Religion in the Twentieth Century, Stephen R. Haynes, The Christian Century, February 27, 2002 Read a comparative analysis of the Rwandan genocide of 1994 and the Jewish holocaust perpetrated by the Nazis during World War II. Striking similarities appear, including the complicity of large numbers of Christians in each genocide. There is also a chilling conclusion: Rwanda proves that world leaders learned nothing from the Jewish Holocaust. Will future historians speak about the Rwandan genocide in the same way that contemporary historians speak about the Holocaust? Women, Citizens, Muslims, Amy Zalman, The Women's Review of Books, February 2004 Long oppressed, Afghan women have used the defeat of the Taliban to campaign for equal rights in their country. They are doing so with the structure of both democracy and Muslim law—an intriguing approach. The Jihad against the Jihadis: How Moderate Muslim Leaders Waged War on Extremists>—and Won, Fareed Zakaria, Newsweek, February 22, 2010 The key to winning the war between Sectarian Islamists and the West rests in the hearts and minds of moderate Muslims in the greater Middle East. Who is winning that war? Fareed Zakaria offers his optimistic opinion. The Next Asian Miracle, Yasheng Huang, Foreign Policy, July/August 2008 China and India have entered the realm of superpowers; the former used authoritarian means, the latter democratic. While China has an edge now, India may prove to be the ultimate winner. The 2012 Index Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson, Foreign Policy, July/August 2012 Libya, Syria, and Egypt have all become more fragile. Some states experience a total collapse of institution. Others fail because they are ruled by extractive economic institution, designed to benefit only the elites. Other reasons for failure are described. A User's Guide to the Century, Jeffrey D. Sachs, The National Interest, July/August 2008 The twenty-first century's new world order seems fraught with potential disasters and rife with far too frequent crises. However, vision, leadership, and global cooperation could produce some surprisingly positive results.

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